ABSTRACT
Abstract The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of common pediatric liquid medicines on surface roughness and tooth structure loss and to evaluate the pH values of these medicines at room and cold temperatures in vitro. Eighty-four bovine enamel blocks were divided into seven groups (n = 12): G1-Alivium®, G2-Novalgina®, G3-Betamox®, G4-Clavulin®, G5-Claritin®, G6-Polaramine® and G7-Milli-Q water (negative control). The pH was determined and the samples were immersed in each treatment 3x/day for 5 min. 3D non-contact profilometry was used to determine surface roughness (linear Ra, volumetric Sa) and the Gap formed between treated and control areas in each block. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were also performed. The majority of liquid medicines had pH ≤ 5.50. G1, G4, and G5 showed alterations in Ra when compared with G7 (p < 0.05). According to Sa and Gap results, only G5 was different from G7 (p < 0.05). Alteration in surface was more evident in G5 SEM images. EDS revealed high concentrations of carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, and calcium in all tested groups. Despite the low pH values of all evaluated medicines, only Alivium®, Clavulin®, and Claritin® increased linear surface roughness, and only Claritin® demonstrated the in vitro capacity to produce significant tooth structure loss.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Analgesics/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Dental Enamel/drug effects , Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination/chemistry , Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination/pharmacology , Cold Temperature , Chlorpheniramine/chemistry , Chlorpheniramine/pharmacology , Dental Enamel/chemistry , Dipyrone/chemistry , Dipyrone/pharmacology , Hardness Tests , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Loratadine/chemistry , Loratadine/pharmacology , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission , Statistics, Nonparametric , Surface Properties/drug effectsABSTRACT
In this work, a simple first-derivative [D1] method for the simultaneous analysis of papaverine hydrochloride/analgin [dipyrone] mixture in the presence of homatropine methyl bromide, was described. D1 spectrum of papaverine hydrochloride exhibits at 257 nm a definite peak where analgin and homatropine methyl bromide reads a zero [D1] value. Similarly, analgin exhibits a definite peak at 287 nm without interference from papaverine hydrochloride and homatropine methyl bromide. The method was applied successfully to the analysis of supergine ampoules. The mean percentage recoveries +/- SD were found to be 100.66 +/- 0.43, 100.64 +/- 0.87 for papaverine hydrochloride and analgin, respectively. Analgin was determined iodimetrically followed by spectrophotometric measurement of papaverine hydrochloride in the solution. Oxidation of analgin resulted in a blue shift in its spectrum, this permits direct spectrophotometric determination of papaverine hydrochloride without any interference. The method was applied to the analysis of supergine ampoules. The mean percentage recoveries +/- SD were found to be 100.10 +/- 0.67 and 99.49 +/- 1.71 for papaverine hydrochloride and analgin, respectively. On applying both of the proposed methods the results obtained were verified by the standard addition technique, where good percentage mean recoveries with relatively low deviations were obtained
Subject(s)
Dipyrone/chemistryABSTRACT
Os Analgésicos-Antipiréticos säo drogas maciçamente consumidas a nível mundial e, por serem fármacos relativamente antigos, pouco se tem publicado a esse respeito. Este estudo visa fazer uma análise crítica e objetiva sobre os riscos e benefícios na utilizaçäo de analgésicos, bem como sobre a coerência de alternativas terapêuticas. Foi examinada extensa e profunda análise da literatura científica internacional sobre o assunto, com particular atençäo ao notável Estudo de Boston. Conclui-se que o uso de analgésicos é bastante seguro, sendo que a dipirona é o fármaco mais bem avaliado quanto ao seu perfil de segurança